Kosmos (Moscow), Kirovets (Saint Petersburg)

Everything here belongs to the hotel, not the neighbourhood. Kosmos Arena sits inside the Cosmos Selection sports hotel complex at Vnukovo, on Bolshaya Vnukovskaya Street.

The ground opened in 2016, with an artificial surface fitted with undersoil heating. At three thousand seats, it was never built to carry a first-division crowd.

No resident tenant plays out its league season on this pitch. Instead the arena works as a venue for hire, most visibly for FC Kosmos, whose Russian Cup fixtures have used the ground rather than a permanent home stadium in the way an established club would.

The name causes its own confusion. A stadium called Kirovets exists in Saint Petersburg, opened in 1936 on Perekopskaya Street, and it has nothing to do with the Vnukovo arena beyond sharing a database entry — the Leningrad club once known as Kosmos-Kirovets played there in the early 1990s, decades before the Moscow ground was built. Kosmos Arena carries no earlier name of its own; it has always traded under the branding of the hotel that surrounds it.